The energy minerals are minerals, metals, rocks and hydrocarbons that are extracted from the earth and used in a wide range of industries related to construction, manufacturing, agriculture and energy supply. Energy minerals are used to produce electricity, fuel for transportation, heating for homes and offices or for the manufacture of plastics.

Energy minerals include coal, petroleum, natural gas, oil shale, stone coal, uranium and thorium, and geotherm etc. They are energy carrier resources that directly or via conversion to provide the necessary human light, heat, power. Energy minerals are the impetuses and material foundation to promote the progress of the human society, boost the economic development, improve living conditions. In the modern society, we cannot live without the development of mineral and energy use within quite a long time.

Coal, petroleum, natural gas, which is derived from the solar radiant energy, is classified as fossil fuel. Coal is a fossil fuel of sedimentary origin that has formed by coalification of vegetation over millions of years. Petroleum formation occurs by various hydrocarbons combining with certain minerals such as sulphur under extreme pressure. When small sea plants and animals die they will sink, then lie on the sea bed where they will decompose and mix with sand and silt. Petroleum forms through the accumulation, burial, and transformation of organic material, such as the remains of plants and animals, by chemical reactions over long periods of time. The most familiar types of petroleum are tar, oil and natural gas, which are used as fuel and important industrial chemicals. With the development of technology, their applications will be broader.

Uranium is naturally radioactive, its nucleus is unstable, so the element is in a constant state of decay, seeking a more stable arrangement. Uranium ore deposits are economically recoverable concentrations of uranium within the Earth’s crust. The isotope U-235 is important because under certain conditions it can readily be split, yielding a lot of energy. It is therefore said to be 'fissile' and we use the expression 'nuclear fission'.

Geothermal energy is thermal energy generated and stored in the Earth. The geothermal energy of the Earth's crust originates from the original formation of the planet and from radioactive decay of materials. With water from hot springs, geothermal energy has been used for bathing since Paleolithic times and for space heating since ancient Roman times, but it is now better known for electricity generation.

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